Heroic Paradigms from Iliad to Aeneid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Heroic Paradigms from Iliad to Aeneid - Essay Example The Aeneid does not explicitly deal with Roman politics in fact it is a story about a mythological figure Aeneas who lead Trojans to Italy after the Greeks destroy their homeland. Unlike Homer’s Aeneas who is portrayed as a warrior who boasts about his prowess on the battlefield and then proceeds to lose in every one of them since he was a bad warrior Vergil projects him as a tragic figure who is in search of a rational explication about the actions of God who destroy human beings and make them suffer, The same Gods who love and protect him. Some of the major heroic paradigms that are explored in â€Å"The Iliad† include the ideals of heroism: bravery, courage, super-strength, intelligence and nobility. The Homeric Hero is a man of action who is never incapacitated because he survives on his instinct. Unhindered by doubts he soars above humanity and performs action that ensures his ever lasting fame and glory. Achilles fits this description of Homeric Hero although it i s observed that his character develops gradually through out the text. The readers realize that Achilles of Iliad 22 is a man with a higher mission, who is ready to stake everything, including his own life in order to fulfill his mission. Hence he acts totally differently from the man of Iliad 1 who acts as a petulant child with a short temper and has the tendency of making irrational decisions. Therefore it can be inferred that the glory associated with Homeric Hero lives up to the definition of a hero of the Greek times. So it is perceived that the audience of the time believed that a hero should be an individual above all other human beings with special qualities of bravery, strength and intelligence. On contrary Aeneas is introduced in the poem as, â€Å"And suddenly Aeneas felt his limbs go numb with cold †¦I envy your fate†¦Why didn't you kill me on the plains of Troy When you had the chance and free my soul with your strong hand?† (Vergil 3). In the very begi nning the protagonist has surrendered his will to fate and desires death. This explication is in complete contrast to the heroic paradigms set by the Greeks. Hence from this it can be inferred that Vergil’s Aeneid enlightens the readers about the cultural trend during the Vergil’s time had shifted from hero worship to a character more closely related to a common man who suffers pain and is not above the rest of mankind. Western Thought According to Plato and Aristotle the best way of learning is through communicating with others or collectivization. Socrates ‘Dialectic Method’ is a common technique that is employed in most of the classes. According to which he sat in the market place, started of a conversation on a certain topic and then picked up their flaws out of the ensuing argument and then brought each conversation to a proper ending or conclusion. A similar style of discussion and study is also implemented in this course of philosophy. This method h elps the students to not only think about and share their personal ideas but also it enlightens them about the thoughts and feelings of their fellow students as well hence providing them with an opportunity to learn from the experiences or the point of views of other individuals. The Early Western thought processes of each writer vastly differ from one another. For example although Homer and Vergil in their respective epic poems deal with same mythological figures yet

Alternative economic models Essay Example for Free

Alternative economic models Essay 1. If two alternative economic models are offered, other things equal, we would 2. Time-series forecasting models: 3. Consumer expenditure plans is an example of a forecasting method. Which of the general categories best described this example? 4. An example of a time series data set is one for which the: 5. For studying demand relationships for a proposed new product that no one has ever used before, what would be the best method to use? 6. Which of the following barometric indicators would be the most helpful for forecasting future sales for an industry? 7. If Ben Bernanke, Chair of the Federal Reserve Board, begins to tighten monetary policy by raising US interest rates next year, what is the likely impact on the value of the dollar? 8. An appreciation of the U.S. dollar has what impact on Harley-Davidson (HD), a U.S. manufacturer of motorcycles? 9. The purchasing power parity hypothesis implies that an increase in inflation in one country relative to another will over a long period of time 10. In an open economy with few capital restrictions and substantial import-export trade, a rise in interest rates and a decline in the producer price index of inflation will 11. An increase in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar relative to a trading partner can result from 12. The optimal currency area involves a trade-off of reducing transaction costs but the inability to use changes in exchange rates to help ailing regions. If the US, Canada, and Mexico had one single currency (the Peso-Dollar) we would tend to see all of the following EXCEPT: 13. Using demand and supply curves for the Japanese yen based on the $/ ¥ price for yen, an increase in US INFLATION RATES would 14. The isoquants for inputs that are perfect complements for one another consist of a series of: 15. The combinations of inputs costing a constant C dollars is called: 16. In a production process, an excessive amount of the variable input relative to the fixed input is being used to produce the desired output. This statement is true for: 17. If the marginal product of labor is 100 and the price of labor is 10, while the marginal product of capital is 200 and the price of capital is $30, then what should the firm? 18. The isoquants for inputs that are perfect  substitutes for one another consist of a series of: 19. Marginal factor cost is defined as the amount that an additional unit of the variable input adds to ____. 20. What method of inventory valuation should be used for economic decision-making problems? 21. The existence of diseconomies of scale (size) for the firm is hypothesized to result from: 22. ____ are defined as costs which are incurred regardless of the alternative action chosen in a decision-making problem. 23. The cost function is: 24. For a short-run cost function which of the following statements is (are) not true? 25. According to the theory of cost, specialization in the use of variable resources in the short-run results initially in:

Study on the Outcome of Damage Control Surgery

Study on the Outcome of Damage Control Surgery A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY ON THE OUTCOME OF DAMAGE CONTROL SURGERY IN SPMC FROM YEAR 2005 TO 2010. A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY Submitted by: Chris George C. Pales, MD Co-Author: Benedict Edward P. Valdez, MD INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS THE TOPIC ALL ABOUT? The traditional approach to combat injury care is surgical exploration with definitive repair of all injuries. This approach is successful when there is limited number of injuries. These are usually performed in patients with unstable conditions such as profound hemorrhagic shock which known to affect the over-all survival of the patient. Prolonged operative times and persistent bleeding lead to the lethal triad of coagulopathy, acidosis, and hypothermia, resulting in a mortality of about 90%. The Three stages of damage control are as follows: Control of hemorrhage and contamination. Also known as bail-out surgery is the first stage. It is a life-saving procedures and is rapidly performed by the surgeon. The main goal this time is to control blood loss and minimizing contamination. It includes control of hemorrhage from bleeding major vessels and solid organs through packing of abdomen, deviation from intestinal anastomosis and temporary closure of abdomen. Resuscitation: Once control of hemorrhage is achieved, patient is now transferred to ICU for correction of any derangement. Rewarming of the patient to avoid hypothermia, correction of blood loss, hydration and stabilization of BP, and avoiding coagulopathy. Reoperation. One patient has been stabilized, especially within 24-48 hours, definite procedure will be done at operating room. WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THE TOPIC? Damage control surgery is relatively new technique, about 20 years old. It is well recognized that trauma patients especially those with profound shock has a higher chance to die secondary to intra-operative metabolic failure than from the trauma itself. The analogy of damage control surgery is to stop all haemorrhage and gastrointestinal spillage as quickly as possible while patient is having unstable vital signs at the operating room. It is coined from a U.S. Navy technique which is â€Å"the capacity of a ship to absorb damage and maintain mission integrity.† Speed of decision and surgery in severely injured trauma patients is the key to avoid death to patient. The well recognized consequence of hypovolemic, hypothermic patient is what we call the â€Å"lethal triad.† It comprises the vicious cycle of hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy. It is a viscous cycle that is very lethal if not recognized and controlled immediately. Patient who is stable with acceptable laboratory results, good ventilator response, non-hypothermic, are then returned to the operating for the â€Å"definitive operation.† (figure 1). Bowel anastomoses and colostomy maturation, definitive vascular repair, removal of hemostatic packing, and closure of abdominal fascia where is done. Figure 1. The documented mortality for the damage control approximately 50% with a documented morbidity of approximately 40% as summarized in the following table. WHAT IS NOT YET KNOWN ABOUT THE TOPIC? With the advent of modern technology and numerous studies, what is the outcome of patients undergoing Damage control surgery in SPMC from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2010. WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY? This study will give us data on the effectiveness of Damage Control Surgery done at SPMC from January 1, 2005 – December 31, 2010. It will give the surgeons the data of factors that determine the outcome of damage control surgery, thus giving ways of improving healthcare management to patients. WHAT WILL THIS STUDY DO? General Objective: The study aims to determine the outcome of damage control surgery done in SPMC from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2010 Specific Objective: To describe the demographic and clinical profile of patients who underwent damage control surgery To determine the number of patients who underwent definitive surgical procedure after damage control surgery 3. To determine the mortality rate of patients who underwent undergoing damage control surgery in SPMC from January 1, 2005 to December 2010. 4. To determine the factors that affects the outcome of patients undergoing damage control surgery in SPMC from January 1, 2005 to December 2010 in terms of nature of injury, time of operation from injury and pre-operative vital signs. Patient’s Demographic Profile Describe the trauma patients according to the following variables: Sociodemographic characteristics Age Sex Clinical characteristics: Pre-operative vital signs Associated Injuries GCS score Organs Involved Co-morbidities Determine the interventions and clinical outcome of patients Duration of Operation Operations performed Mortality rate Re-operation performed Disposition Figure 1. Conceptual Framework METHODOLOGY General Design The study employed is a retrospective, descriptive study design. Chart review of all patients who underwent damage control surgery during January 1, 2005 to 2010 will be done by the author with the permission of the medical records section and the hospital research committee. Setting The study will be will be conducted at Southern Philippines Medical Center, a tertiary hospital in Davao City in June 2013. PARTICIPANTS: INCLUSION CRITERIA: This study will include all patients admitted and underwent Damage control surgery at Southern Philippines Medical center in 2005-2010. Damage control surgery includes resection of major injuries to the gastrointestinal tract without re-anastomosis; control of hemorrhage through peri-hepatic packing and temporary closure of abdomen and use of an alternate closure of a cervical incision, thoracotomy, laparotomy, or site of exploration of an extremity. EXLCLUSION CRITERIA: None SAMPLING PROCEDURES: The study subjects (target population) of this research are the patients admitted and underwent Damage control surgery at Southern Philippines Medical Center in 2005-2010. Randomization: None DATA GATHERING Dependent Variable: Number of Damage Control Surgery from 2005-2010 Main outcome measures and other dependent variables: Number of patients who expired and number of patients survived. Independent Variables Age and Sex Nature of injury Time of intervention from time of injury Pre-Operative vital signs Glasgow coma scale Organs involved Duration of Operation Availability of Blood Interventions: None Data Handling and Analysis: All data will be computed as to the mortality rate by computing the number of patients who expired to the total number of patients who underwent Damage control surgery. Furthermore, determination of mortality will be computed by computing the ratio of mortality as of Age and Sex, Nature of injury, Time of operation from injury and Pre-op vital signs, Duration of Operation, Availability of blood, Organs involved. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS Ethics Review The proponent of the study will secure an approval from the Cluster Ethics Research Committee of The Southern Philippines Medical Center prior to doing the research. A similar approval is also secured from the Department of Surgery of the same institution with the approval of a consultant in-charge. Privacy No phone calls or home visits as follow up to participants. Confidentiality The researchers will not disclose the identities of the patients at any time. The data obtained during the study will be under the Department of Surgery of Southern Philippines Medical Center and will be kept in confidentiality. Extent of Use of Study Data The data collected by the researcher will only be used to answer the objectives of stated in the protocol. Data will be available to others as a finished paper. Authorship and Contributorship The main proponent of the study is the main author and researcher of the study. Consultant guidance and support will be provided Dr. Benedict Valdez, head of Section of Trauma, Department of Surgery, SPMC. He is the co-author who will aide in the study design. A professional statistician will help in the study write-up and data analysis. The author and co-author gives consent to use the data collected for further research. Conflicts of Interest The main proponent and the co-authors declare no conflict of interest. Publication The research will be submitted for national and international publication groups and may be chosen for publication. In all portions in the paper, the author and co-authors will be duly acknowledged. Funding The main proponent of the study is using personal funds to conduct the study. Funding of the braces will depend on the patients and their guardians . REFERRENCES Schwartz book of Surgery 8th Edition by F. Charles Brunicardi Trauma, Fifth Edition by David Feliciano, MD A logical approach to trauma – Damage control surgery Shibajyoti Ghosh, Gargi Banerjee, Susma Banerjee, D. K. Chakrabarti Department of Surgery, R. G. Kar Medical college, West Bengal, India. Townsend: Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, 17th ed., Copyright  © 2004 Elsevier Combat Damage Control Resuscitation: Today and Tomorrow ;Colonel Lorne H. Blackbourne, MDUS Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3400 Rawley E. Chambers Ave. Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234USA Damage Control: Beyond the Limits of the Abdominal Cavity. A Review Maeyane S. Moeng, MB, BCh, FCS(SA),1 Jerome A. Loveland, MB, BCh, FCS(SA),2 and Kenneth D. Boffard, BSc(Hons), MB, BCh, FRCS, FRCS(Edin), FRCPS(Glas), FCS(SA), FACS, FCS(SA) Feasibility of Damage Control Surgery in the Management of Military Combat Casualties Ben Eiseman, MD, Ernest Moore, MD, Daniel Meldrum, MD, Christopher Raeburn MD DUMMY TABLES TABLE 1: Demographics and Clinical Characteristics. TABLE 2: OUTCOME TABLE 3: BUDGET TABLE 4: TIMETABLE CURRICULUM VITAE Name: Chris George C. Pales Address: Unit 303, Palmetto Place, Maa road, Davao City Telephoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Cell: 09238060856 Phoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Email: [emailprotected]/[emailprotected] Personal Informationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ Date of Birth: April 9, 1983 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Place of Birth: Koronadal City, South Cotabato à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Citizenship: Filipino à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Status: Married à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Gender: Male Education: Elementary: Kipalbig Elementary School, Kipalbig, Tampakan, South Cotabato (SY 1990-1996) High School: Notre Dame of Marbel University, Koronadal, South Cotabato (SY 1996-2000) Colllege: West Visayas State University, Iloilo City (SY 2000-2004) Medicine: West Visayas State University, Iloilo City (SY 2004-2008) DATA COLLECTION SHEET A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY ON THE OUTCOME OF DAMAGE CONTROL SURGERY IN SPMC FROM YEAR 2005 TO 2010. A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY Chris George C. Pales, MD/Benedict Edward P. Valdez, MD Hospital #: Age: Sex: NATURE OF INJURY Stab wound______ Gunshot wound______ Blunt Trauma______ Penetrating Injuries______ VITAL SIGNS ON ADMISSION BP: HR: RR: TEMP: GCS score: TIME OF ARRIVAL SINCE INJURY _______ Minutes _______ Hours _______ Days DURATION OF OPERATION: UNITS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSED: INTRA-OP VITAL SIGNS: BP: CR: ORGANS INVOLVED: RE-OPERATION DONE FOR DEFINITIVE PROCEDURE? ____Yes ____No NUMBER OF HOSPITAL STAY: DISPOSITION: ______DISCHARGED IMPROVED ______DIED CAUSE OF DEATH:

Sexual Exploitation of Women in the Developing World Essay -- Sex Slav

Exploitation of Women in the Developing World The modern world today is proud to recognize the equality that has been acknowledged between age, gender, and race. Women are beginning to be treated as equals with men, in new customs, lifestyle, society, and economy. Today, women are freer and are liberated from their traditional roles as housewives, and are pursuing their hopes and dreams. However, this is not the case in many regions of the world. In the developing countries, thousands of females are dehumanized by prostitution and the trafficking of women and children is dehumanizing which serves only to benefit men. It exploits and violates the rights of women in the developing world. Sexual exploitation, which includes sex tourism, bride trade, temporary marriages, and sexual violence such as rape, incest, and sexual harassment, has escalated throughout the 20th century and has become an enormous concern. Today, slavery is defined as a â€Å"social and economic relationship in which a person is controlled through violence or its threat, paid nothing, and economically exploited†¦sex trafficking is a modern day form of slavery† (Bales). The reason why governments do not help the women in prostitution is because the sex industry generates profits amounting to billions of dollars, necessary to pay off the country’s debts. The governments convince themselves, and the public, that they help facilitate women’s employment opportunities and statistics by legitimizing prostitution. Politically vulnerable and economically weak countries were opened up as tourist destinations, and large numbers or male tourists bought sexual adventure in foreign countries as the businesses of the sex tourism were established. The promotion of sex tourism generated generous amounts of income for the sex industry as well as for the government, due to the vacations that people from developed countries take to take advantage of these foreign prostitutes. In some cultures, the established role of females has been long facilitated by the traditional systems of religion, resulting to prostitution. Trafficking is assisted by recruiters (who accompany the woman to the new country), the traffickers, and the pimps who are in charge of the brothels and sex clubs that the women end up in. Although there is an extensive amount of evidence that these people are in charge of the continuation o... ...uld not be tolerated; they have the human right to live freely in a society without turning to prostitution as the only way to survive. Works Cited Bales, Kevin. New Slavery: A Reference Book. California, 2000. Budapest Group, The Relationship Between Organized Crime and Trafficking in Aliens. Austria: International Centre for Migration Policy Development, June 1999. Canadian Woman Studies, Migration, Labour and exploitation, Trafficking in Women and Girls. York University Publication, 2004. Clark, Bruce and Wallace, John. Global Connections: Canadian and World Issues. Prentice Hall, Toronto, 2003. Pearson Education Canada Hechler, David. Child Sex Tourism. New York: Don’t Buy Thai. May 2001 International Organization for Migration, Trafficking and Prostitution: The Growing exploitation of migrant women from Central & Eastern Europe, 1995. International Organizations for Migration Lucky Star Online Casino, Prostitution and the Sexual Exploitation of Women, 2002. People’s Daily Online, Chinese Proposes Efforts to Eliminate Sexual Exploitation against Women, 2003. World Revolution, Overview of Global Issues, human rights and social justice, 2002.

Attitude and Behaviour

It would seem reasonable to argue the existence of a link between attitude and behaviour and to further assume that it is those same attitudes that determine that behaviour. However, there are many variables to consider which may affect the strength of such a link. It is important to distinguish between the influence of different types of attitude (reference), the first type being attitudes towards general entities and the second being attitudes towards more specific ones. This essay will look at how attitudes can be a poor predictor of behaviour on a broad perspective but become effective predictors when looked at in a narrower and more specific way. However, the additional impact of a wide array of other variables undermines the accuracy of the link between attitudes and behaviour and complicates the drawing of clear conclusions. ‘Attitude’ is defined by Eagly and Chaiken in their book The Psychology of Attitudes as ‘a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favour or disfavour’. reference) In other words, an ‘attitude’ is a judgement or evaluation made about any ‘entity’ which can be assessed along a measurement of favourability. As well as a person’s attitudes differing in positivity, (i. e. some attitudes possessed can be positive, neutral or negative), they also can differ in strength, (i. e. one may feel more strongly about a certain topic than another), and therefore consider it a more important topic. In brief, ‘behaviour’ is the actions of an individual which can be objectively measured. Some may argue that attitudes are a weak predictor of behaviour. In 1969, Wicker, after reviewing studies such as that of Richard LaPiere, concluded that attitudes and behaviour are only slightly, if at all, related. LaPiere, in the 1930s, seemed to suggest very little correlation between attitude and behaviour. LaPiere travelled around America with an Asian couple at a time where anti-Asian prejudice was prevalent. Although concerned that the couple would be refused from many of the hotels along the way, he found that only one out of the 250 hotels did so. After his travels, LaPiere sent a letter to each of the hotels asking whether they would allow Chinese guests. Of all his replies, only one declared they would serve a Chinese guest. This study, and others like it at the time, seemed to suggest very few links between attitude and behaviour. However, there are a number of problems with this study, such as the fact that there is no guarantee that the person who answered the letter is the same person who let the Chinese couple stay. The question in the letter as to whether they would let a Chinese couple in is also too broad a statement as it does not specify if they are a ‘well-dressed Chinese couple accompanied by an American college professor’ (ref). The limits of the success of attitude predicting behaviour can also be seen by the fact that similar attitudes held by different people can lead to different behaviour from those individuals. Indeed, Thurstone wrote; ‘It is quite conceivable that two men may have the same degree or intensity of effect favourable towards a psychological object and that their attitudes would be described in this sense as identical but†¦ that their overt actions would take quite different forms’. ref print out) In other words, one cannot predict an individual’s actions according to his/her attitudes as two different people with the same attitude towards something may act according to that attitude in completely different ways. There are also many other factors which will determine how effective attitude is in predicting behaviour. One such factor is the strength of the attitude which one holds. The stronger one’s attitude, the more likely it is to predict behaviour. This is because if a person holds a very strong positive attitude towards something, they are likely to act positively towards it. However if that person holds another, weaker, attitude towards something, thereby valueing it of less importance, they will be less likely to act according to that attitude. Furthermore, an attitude based on direct experience rather than second hand information will be more effective in predicting behaviour. This was demonstrated in a study by Fazio and Zanna, 1981, whereby participants were asked to solve several puzzles. One the one hand, in the second hand condition, some participants were shown how to solve the puzzles, and on the other, in the direct experience condition, some participants were allowed to work on the puzzles beforehand. Attidude being measured as intrest shown, and behaviour being measured as the order and proportion of the puzzles solved, the test showed a correlation between attitude and behaviour of between . 51 and . 54 in the direct experience condition while only between . 22 and . 20 in the indirect experience condition. (ref printout). It can therefore be seen that attitudes can predict behaviour under some cercumstances, such as those layed out by Fishbein and Ajzen. The extent to which attitude can predict behaviour is also circumstantial to factors such as how one persives the importance of that attitude and what that attitude is based upon. Behaviour is also affected by other factors which may be opposing to the attitude held by an individual. Subjective norms and perceived behaviour controle also influence behaviour. Therefore, when looking at all three together, predicting behaviour may be effective, however, when looking at attitude by itself such predictions may be weak.

Conscious Example

Conscious Example Conscious – Case Study Example Case Study The U.S does not practice pure capitalism. This is because while capitalism rejects any form of governmental intervention in the economic affairs, the U.S government is involved in economic affairs in several ways. These include the fact that America has established laws that govern the economy such as fair labor laws, anti-discriminatory laws in hiring, and social security. In addition, the government has also established laws that even govern the minimum amount of wage that a person should receive. This clearly indicates that the U.S does not practice or even encourage pure capitalism. The U.S should not operate under pure capitalism. This is because there are more disadvantages tied to it than there are advantages. Some of the advantages include encouraging innovation, efficiency, and economic growth while the disadvantages include monopoly power that affects the consumer adversely, monopsony power that affects the employees, wealth inequality, social division, and igno ring social benefits. Governments should control business activities. This is because if the opposite happens the consumer and the employees will suffer. This takes place because the businesses acquire monopolism. This gives them the power to choose the price for the products instead of having demand determine the price. On the other hand, they set the employee wages as low as possible so as to maximize profit making because there is no form of control by the government. Some of the advantages of governmental intervention in business include controlling commodity prices and wages offered to employees so as to eliminate exploitation. However, the disadvantages include that the government may discourage innovation and impose high taxes, which may affect the profitmaking capabilities for businesses.